5/17/2023 0 Comments How to speak nigerian pidgin![]() ![]() Examples of peripheral varieties of English are traditional rural dialects in England, which are receding fast. Central varieties are those that are firmly entrenched in their own home bases but have limited impact on the development of varieties beyond this. Among second-language varieties, Indian English and Nigerian English are fairly uncontroversial candidates for super-central status. Others are Australian English, which exercises more influence over neighbouring varieties in its region, such as New Zealand English, than the other way round. Most important among them is, of course, British English. The category of super-central varieties includes all those that have transnational impact beyond their national or community home bases. ![]() In analogy to this classification, the hub (or hyper-central variety) in the World System of Englishes is Standard American English. Where their speaker base is demographically weak, they tend to be endangered. Peripheral languages in the World Language System are those that lack written standards, media presence, or other forms of institutional support. ![]() Central languages, on the tier below, are typically firmly entrenched in their national home bases but have only very limited use as lingua francas in transnational contexts. In de Swaan's model, super-central languages are those that serve important transnational functions, such as the major European colonial languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French), Chinese, Russian, or Arabic. ![]() The labels for the four tiers are borrowed from de Swaan ( 2002, 2010), who has used them for his hierarchical model of the World Language System, in which English as the global lingua franca serves as the hyper-central language and the hub. The World System of Englishes (Mair, 2013) ![]()
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